Examining Genetic and Environmental Effects on Reactive...

Examining Genetic and Environmental Effects on Reactive Versus Proactive Aggression† Introduction Prior to this study, no other research had studied the genetic and environmental influences on reactive and proactive aggression. The purpose of this study was to explain how much genes and (shared and non-shared) environmental factors each contribute to aggression, specifically proactive and reactive. Once a positive correlation between the two types of aggression was determined, a â€Å"sub-purpose† was to find out if any correlation was due to another common factor, such as physical aggression. And, which factors are unique to proactive aggression and which are unique to reactive aggression. The article defines proactive aggression, or†¦show more content†¦However, there should also be non-overlapping/non-correlated factors contributing as well, as reactive and proactive aggression have different predictors, associations and ‘temperamental and physiological correlates’. With these new developments, the researchers carried out a separate te st, recalculating a correlation factoring in the possible overlap of physical aggression. Methods Sample. The participants of this study were 6-year-olds (N= 72.7 months) selected from another current study, the Quebec Newborn Twin longitudinal Study. They initially enrolled 648 pairs of twins but the final sample size was 172 twins (55 monozygotic girls, 48 monozygotic boys, 33 dizygotic girls, and 36 dizygotic boys) after excluding data from different-sex twins and twins who were in the same class (which might indicate exaggerated similarities between the twins if rated by the same teacher). The children’s reactive and proactive aggression levels were measured using Dodge and Coie’s (1987) assessment, using informant reporting. The informant was the childrens’ kindergarten teacher during the spring (enough time for the teacher to get to know the child) in his/her preferred language (either English or French; translated twice and approved by binglingual judges). The children’s physical aggression was measured using the Preschool Behavior Questionnair e developed by Behar Stringfield (1974),Show MoreRelatedThe Development of Empathy10581 Words   |  43 Pagesthat is evident among babies is crying in response to the sound of another infant crying. Crying occurs more frequently in response to human crying compared to white noise or synthetic crying with equal volume, duration, and intensity of onset. The effect has been observed on the first, second, and third (Martin Clark, 1982) days after birth. Infants cry more in response to the cries of same aged infants than to the cries of older infants and to recordings of their own cries (Martin Clark, 1982)Read MoreChange Management49917 Words   |  200 Pagesorganization, or various other parts of organization in varying degrees of speed and significance. It may affect people, structure, technology, and other elements of an organization. It may be reactive or proactive in nature. When change takes place due to external forces, it is called reactive change. However, proactive chan ge is initiated by the management on its own to enhance the organizational effectiveness. The change is one of the most critical aspects of effective management. It is the coping processRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesas in the light of some of their historical dimensions. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ SociologyRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagespoorly organized. As a result, many managers were oriented more toward things than toward people. The influence of the systematic management approach is clear in the following description of one organization s attempt to control its workers. Open versus Closed Systems A closed system does not interact with the outside environment. Although few systems actually take this form, some of the classical approaches treated organizations as closed systems. The assumption was that if managers improve internalRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagescontrol, and generally produce distress even though the person having such thoughts may recognize their senselessness (Rachman, 1985). Their content often focuses on troubling, repugnant, or even nonsensical themes about dirt and contamination, aggression, doubt, unacceptable sexual acts, religion, and orderliness, symmetry, and precision. Compulsions, on the other hand, are repetitive, stereotyped behaviors or mental acts that are usually performed in response to an obsession in order to preventRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesshould it manage its whole portfolio of different businesses, including MySpace? The Exploring Strategy Model: As indicated later in the Chapter, there are issues here that relate to all three circles of the Exploring Strategy Model. 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It Has Been Argued That Canadian Environmentalism Occurred

It has been argued that Canadian environmentalism occurred in a series of waves throughout the countries growth and development. Upon colonization the Canadian landscape was abundant in resources, the opportunities limitless. Over the course of a century industrialization had swept the nation. The rapid depletion of resources initiated the development of numerous private organizations that sought to control, maintain, and ensure longevity of such resources. This force would continue to reshape along with the industrial demands and ever-changing landscape. It is imperative to provide context regarding the evolution of the environmental movement that took place in Canada, in order to comprehend the role non-governmental organizations played†¦show more content†¦Gradually conservationist efforts of resource preservation developed, characterizing North America’s first wave of environmentalism. Individuals involved within Canada’s forestry industry developed many of the earliest conservation efforts. The rapid depletion of Canadian forests forced many to advocate for the development of controlled harvesting and reserved areas. By 1900, the Canadian Forestry Association was established. Despite Canada’s earliest efforts, their neighbours to the south were generally further advanced with their efforts. Such gap in national efforts can be viewed as a matter of population differences, industrial expansion, and economic circumstances. The American settlements were much further developed in many respects than their counterparts, and had demonstrated anthropogenic harm throughout their growth. In 1909, American President Theodore Roosevelt, invited both Mexico and Canada to join the United States at the North American Conservation Conference. This conference would lead to the establishment of Canada’s Commission of Conservation. Canada’s Commission of Conservation developed recommendations and environmental ethics that can be viewed as the seeds of modern environmentalism. The development of national parks also illustrates the difference between American and Canadian conservation. In 1885, Banff became Canada’s first national park, while their neighbours had established their first national park,Show MoreRelatedHistorical Origin, Evolution, And Current Reality Of The Lumber Dispute Essay2032 Words   |  9 Pagesfamilial relationship both politically and economically. The transfer of capital, labour and market between these two has been entrenched and institutionalized on many levels throughout their history. Despite such positive relations, one particular sector of the economy has undergone intense scrutiny and friction, which is that of the softwood lumber trade. 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In addition to these challenges, many analytical and strategic evaluation approaches that are used in an attempt to identify and project how well a company is performing have b een overwhelmed by the frequency and magnitude of these economic groundswells. In today’s competitive climate, where the changes outside a business exceed the productive changes within a business, a company’s future viability is clearly under enormous

An Importance of Education Free Essays

â€Å"Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare it today.† These words said by Malcolm X indicate how significant is the impact, which schools have on young minds. Good schooling is essential for every society and individual, as it is supposed to prepare students for the world of work later in life as well as to teach them the values and morals required in the society. We will write a custom essay sample on An Importance of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words, it is school where teenagers are equipped with necessary skills so that they can participate effectively as member of community, hence they have a chance to contribute towards the development of common identity. For that reason, there have been many attempts to create a school environment that will allow young people to grow emotionally, physically and mentally. Consequently, there are two main choices to make. This is having a single-gender education, or a school where students are in classrooms with a mixture of genders. However, as it has been previously stated, the school should be regarded as a reflection of the real world. The real world is coeducational though, so mixed schools are rightly considered to be more proper setting for the young learners. The main concern about single-sex classrooms is that its members will not be capable of maintaining successful relationships throughout their lives since they will be accustomed to interaction only with either boys or girls. Nevertheless, being able to communicate with the other sex is crucial to prepare students for the professional world. Coeducational schools perfectly serve this function, because collaboration in classrooms is both purposeful and supervised. What is more, children there have the opportunity to be taught a broader range of essential life skills e.g. understanding more diverse points of views, mutual respect or simply how to cooperate efficiently and create successful interpersonal bonds. On the contrary, single-sex schools not only limit these possibilities for forming friendships with the opposite sex but also hinder them, as such restrictions lead to perceiving the other sex in an entirely unrealistic, ideological way, simply because children lack the time spent together. Additionally, deficiency in mutual contact deprives young people from gender segregated classrooms of an enriching experience that is learning about and from each other. That fact can be further confirmed by many researches, in relation to which children need a mix of traditionally masculine and feminine characteristics, like playing competitive sports and discussing emotions, in order to be mentally healthy. Therefore, boys who spend their time mostly with other boys are thought to be possessive and to display aggression. Girls also benefit from the boys’ presence by being more courageous while performing in the society. Moreover, classroom assignment based on gender teaches young people that males and females have completely different types of intellects, which firmly supports stereotyping along with discrimination. Correspondingly, the common beliefs, that only boys can play football or videogames and only girls are allowed to play with dolls, reinforce sexism in schools and in the culture at large, as children tend to favor members of their own group, and be prejudiced against those in contrasting groups. By contrast, the children in the coed classroom are less probable to limit their interests according to gender – the girls can play football and the boys are allowed to play with dolls.Still, it has been argued that both sexes adopt different approaches towards learning, and taking it into account, they should be taught dissimilarly. Indeed, most same-sex classrooms allow teachers to tailor their lessons toward the specific needs of their students. For example, a class discussion of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† in a boys’ school can involve a study of a boy’s first love analyzed from his perspective. Likewise, using books featuring lead female characters may be more appealing to young women or debating the impact of religion on young girls has the potential to really reach the target group, while such discussions in co-ed schools are usually less open and extended than those in a single-sex school. However, very few teachers are effectively trained to manage a single-gender learning environment, yet very few colleges offer specific programs or courses. Considering the fact that learning is best accomplished when the delivery method matches the subject itself, it is the quality of teachers’ training— not gender of their students — that determines how successful the outcome is.Because of that, although students can also learn from home, school environments are irreplaceable during development of young minds. Rather than separate boys and girls, schools should move in the entirely opposite direction which is training boys and girls how to work together, respect and support each other. It is not long before the youth of today will be the parents, co-workers, and leaders of tomorrow. Due to that fact it is especially important to take better advantage of coeducation to frame the truly egalitarian society, that we expect to encounter in the future. 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Rain forest Depletion Essay Example For Students

Rain forest Depletion Essay Rainforest Deforestation: Do We Care Enough? The villagers walk the charred ruins of their village, looking for any personal possessions that can be salvaged after the fire. Looking out from the remains, they see the trucks already winding their way up the newly made dirt road. Soon, the landscape around their village will be irrevocably changed as well. The loggers will strip the forest of all trees, and then move on. They leave the landscape barren, and allow erosion to destroy it utterly. Sadly, this scene is common in many Latin and South American countries containing rainforests. In these regions, the rainforests are being cut down at an alarming rate, with no thought being given to the rights of the indigenous peoples whose way of life is inseparably connected with the rainforest itself. There are several viable solutions to this problem, the governments of these rainforested countries making wiser decisions and create new laws and programs to deal with the problem among these solutions. While the most advantageous solution would be for the foreign countries to recognizing that the blame lies as much with them as with those of the locales containing the rainforests Many countries containing rainforests feel the need to become as industrialized as possible in a short period of time. To accomplish this, they commonly build massive dams, flooding thousands of acres of rainforest, as well as displacing the many jobless poor attempting to live off of the land (Weisman 1). These poor, along with others simply needing to get away from overcrowded lands, move onto the indigenous peoples land and clearcut portions of forest and farm these new fields. These poor often come into direct conflict with the indigenous tribes already living there, who oftentimes had no contact with outside civilization prior to their land being invaded and cut away. These conflicts are often violent, even fatal for both sides involved (Weisman 1). The first solution to this invasion of the tribes land would be for the governments in which clearcutting is happening to make wiser decisions. Often, farmland would be readily available were it not for unwise decisions on the part of the government. The flooded land is usually quite fertile and easily farmed. Also, land is often used for purposes that in no way benefit the people of the country. In Columbia, the savanna surrounding Bogota, some of the most fertile land in South America, is not used to produce food for the locals. It is used for growing flowers such as chrysanthemums, roses, and carnations that are sold cheaply in the United States (Weisman 2). If these lands could be designated to be used for farming, many of the people who are responsible for the deforestation would have no need to move to the forest in the first place. Another example of unwise governmental decisions took place in Mexico. The government here actually encouraged farmers to move to the forested Los Tuxtlas region. They were encouraged to deforest the land in order to plant crops. Their goal was to alleviate overcrowding and boost the agricultural economy. These farmers, used to farming in a different climate, often clearcut more land than was necessary and exhausted the nutritive value of the soil as well (Tangley 1). The advantage to the governments making wiser decisions is that it can be accomplished within the countries themselves and done cheaply. The disadvantage is that the legislators would have to admit their errors and they may be unwilling to do this because they may look foolish to their voters. .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e , .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e .postImageUrl , .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e , .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e:hover , .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e:visited , .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e:active { border:0!important; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e:active , .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9bd819fd077716ed20784aa07e43d42e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Selective Attention Essay Another disadvantage would be that the poor people that have moved onto the tribal lands would have to move once again still jobless. The next solution, would be for the countries in which deforestation is a problem to make practical programs towards clearcutting. These countries do not currently have these programs because of their precarious fiscal situations. International banks have loaned large amounts of money to these countries due to their abundant natural resources and high potential for economic growth. However, in the early 1970s and 1980s, interest rates rose and the market values of these countries cash crops, such as coffee and tea, fell (Friede 1). Thus, the countries found themselves deeply in debt. To pay off these debts, they cut government programs such as environmental protection agencies and sold off large amounts of forested land to foreign logging companies (Friede 1). Some of the forested countries have started to pass legislation to give back land to its original owners, the indigenous tribes. Many of these countries have begun to accept the positive relationship that exists between the tribes and the rainforest. The Colombian government acknowledged that the indigenous people were the best protectors of the rainforest. In 1990, this government gave back half of its rainforest to the indigenous tribes, stating that they would take the best care of the forest (Friede 4). Like the Colombians, the Panamanian government may also give back some land to its native peoples. The government leaders are debating whether to give the Kuna Indians the watershed to one of the nations dams (Weisman 3). If the nations would reinstate the environmental protection agencies, it would help the natives immensely. First, it would help with the deforestation of the indigenes lands. It also would help with the relations between the tribes and the foreign logging companies. This agency along with others could be instituted rapidly once the legislators are convinced. It is a disadvantage that the legislators may be unwilling to cut off the supply of foreign logging money. Enforcing the new laws and starting new programs would be an expensive process, which also is a deterrent to implementing change. The last solution is not only effective but would alleviate some of the disadvantages, such as expenses of the other solutions. It is that of foreign, industrialized countries, such as the United States, recognizing that the blame lies as much within our own border as with the rainforested countries themselves. Nearly every instance of deforestation has an indirect cause lying with an industrialized country that in theory condemns deforestation. For instance, if the fertile fields in Columbia, which are used to grow flowers, were to be used for farming, much deforestation could be prevented. The United States could simply refuse flower shipments from Columbia and they would have no choice but to use the fields for something else. Another option these industrialized countries have would be to alleviate the debts that the forested countries owe them in several different ways. First, the industrialized countries could offer tax breaks to the companies that lent the forested countries the money. Also, they could directly pay part of these countries debts. In ten years, the rainforested countries have paid a net average of $25 billion (Friede 1). Meanwhile, Mexicos national park system has a total budget of $1.5 million. Of this amount about eighty percent goes to administration (Tangley 6). Also, with the elimination of these debts, many of the forested countries would no longer need the logging companies money. The countries could, therefore, refrain from selling any more land, which would slow deforestation of the indigenous peoples land greatly. There are many advantages to this option, including the fact that it strikes at the very financially driven root of the problem This would eliminate all the causes of the problem at once. Next, it also equally spreads the burden, making the richer countries that can afford to pay do so, and the poorer countries deal with the administrative and judicial parts of the plan. This is not to say that these nations should be absolved of all responsibility for regulating the deforestation, but with proper financial aid and expert advice, these countries can overcome both their debts and their internal problems. .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 , .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 .postImageUrl , .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 , .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92:hover , .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92:visited , .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92:active { border:0!important; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92:active , .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92 .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9b65d568f68e97683c1c2c4c72e30f92:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: April, 1985 and we were driving away from civilization towards the untamed, natural and beautiful Essay The main disadvantage to this solution is that many people in the industrialized countries do not see the rainforests as being their responsibility in any way. This results in an unwillingness to take any sort of financial burden to pay for the restoration of the rainforests. With proper education, however, many people would realize that they share responsibility for the destruction of these forests because it is their fax paper, newspaper, and magazines that come from these forests. In Alan Wiesmans article Out Of Time, he tells a story of a shaman and a tribe sitting a round a campfire as their homes smolder around them. Their homes were burnt to make way for the logging companies, which believe that they own the land the tribe has lived on for centuries. The shaman believes that the white man is a curse because they do not follow the ways of their God, and that only the indigenous people know how God meant the world to truly be. He is then asked by someone not of his tribe why the white man has triumphed over his tribe, and they must suffer. He replies in a quiet voice that, The white man hasnt triumphed, when the Indians vanish, the rest will follow. If the nations do not do something about the rainforest being clearcut, the world may soon know whether his statement was true. In conclusion, the violation of indigenous peoples rights as a result of deforestation can be prevented if the leaders of the nations containing the rainforests make wiser environmental decisions. They must also pass new laws restricting logging companies access to the rainforest, and most importantly the governments of the industrialized nations who are the creditors of the forested nations need to accept part of the responsibility for the problem and alleviate part of the debt of the involved nations. Bibliography: