Examining Genetic and Environmental Effects on Reactive...

Examining Genetic and Environmental Effects on Reactive Versus Proactive Aggression† Introduction Prior to this study, no other research had studied the genetic and environmental influences on reactive and proactive aggression. The purpose of this study was to explain how much genes and (shared and non-shared) environmental factors each contribute to aggression, specifically proactive and reactive. Once a positive correlation between the two types of aggression was determined, a â€Å"sub-purpose† was to find out if any correlation was due to another common factor, such as physical aggression. And, which factors are unique to proactive aggression and which are unique to reactive aggression. The article defines proactive aggression, or†¦show more content†¦However, there should also be non-overlapping/non-correlated factors contributing as well, as reactive and proactive aggression have different predictors, associations and ‘temperamental and physiological correlates’. With these new developments, the researchers carried out a separate te st, recalculating a correlation factoring in the possible overlap of physical aggression. Methods Sample. The participants of this study were 6-year-olds (N= 72.7 months) selected from another current study, the Quebec Newborn Twin longitudinal Study. They initially enrolled 648 pairs of twins but the final sample size was 172 twins (55 monozygotic girls, 48 monozygotic boys, 33 dizygotic girls, and 36 dizygotic boys) after excluding data from different-sex twins and twins who were in the same class (which might indicate exaggerated similarities between the twins if rated by the same teacher). The children’s reactive and proactive aggression levels were measured using Dodge and Coie’s (1987) assessment, using informant reporting. The informant was the childrens’ kindergarten teacher during the spring (enough time for the teacher to get to know the child) in his/her preferred language (either English or French; translated twice and approved by binglingual judges). The children’s physical aggression was measured using the Preschool Behavior Questionnair e developed by Behar Stringfield (1974),Show MoreRelatedThe Development of Empathy10581 Words   |  43 Pagesthat is evident among babies is crying in response to the sound of another infant crying. Crying occurs more frequently in response to human crying compared to white noise or synthetic crying with equal volume, duration, and intensity of onset. The effect has been observed on the first, second, and third (Martin Clark, 1982) days after birth. Infants cry more in response to the cries of same aged infants than to the cries of older infants and to recordings of their own cries (Martin Clark, 1982)Read MoreChange Management49917 Words   |  200 Pagesorganization, or various other parts of organization in varying degrees of speed and significance. It may affect people, structure, technology, and other elements of an organization. It may be reactive or proactive in nature. When change takes place due to external forces, it is called reactive change. However, proactive chan ge is initiated by the management on its own to enhance the organizational effectiveness. The change is one of the most critical aspects of effective management. It is the coping processRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesas in the light of some of their historical dimensions. Other chapters deal with newly emerging concerns in management accounting, including network relations, digitization, integrated cost management systems, knowledge management pursuits, and environmental management accounting. Each chapter encompasses discussions of basic premises complemented by insights from modern-day practice, research, and thought. This approach makes the book particularly suitable for students in academic as well as executive-orientedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ SociologyRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagespoorly organized. As a result, many managers were oriented more toward things than toward people. The influence of the systematic management approach is clear in the following description of one organization s attempt to control its workers. Open versus Closed Systems A closed system does not interact with the outside environment. Although few systems actually take this form, some of the classical approaches treated organizations as closed systems. The assumption was that if managers improve internalRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagescontrol, and generally produce distress even though the person having such thoughts may recognize their senselessness (Rachman, 1985). Their content often focuses on troubling, repugnant, or even nonsensical themes about dirt and contamination, aggression, doubt, unacceptable sexual acts, religion, and orderliness, symmetry, and precision. Compulsions, on the other hand, are repetitive, stereotyped behaviors or mental acts that are usually performed in response to an obsession in order to preventRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesshould it manage its whole portfolio of different businesses, including MySpace? The Exploring Strategy Model: As indicated later in the Chapter, there are issues here that relate to all three circles of the Exploring Strategy Model. For example, environmental change relates to Positioning; how to compete against Facebook relates to Choices; and how to integrate Facebook rela tes to Strategy-in-Action questions. †¢ †¢ †¢ Turning to the Illustration’s two specific questions, these are intendedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDeveloping subordinates Processing paperwork Planning and goal setting STUDY ⠝  RESPONDENTS †¢ FOCUS ⠝  Luthans, Rosenkrantz, and Hennessey (1985) †¢ 52 managers in 3 organizations †¢ Participant observation of skills demonstrated by most effective versus least effective managers ⠝  Curtis, Winsor, and Stephens (1989) †¢ 428 members of the American Society of Personnel Administrators in the United States †¢ (1) Skills needed to obtain employment †¢ (2) Skills important for successful job performance †¢Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesand political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in which organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national passport? What will be the effect of the rapid gyrations in markets that emphasize the difficulties that accounting practices face in determining true performance costs and that forecasting programs conf ront in establishing the economic determinants of corporate planning? In addition